Welcome to the wondeful world of living organisms! Welcome to your world!
In this unit you will learn about the differences between living and non-living things, the different types of organisms, the cells, (you will observe cells under the microscope) and the five Kingdoms.
You will study the different groups of organisms under the point of view of evolution. OUR BIG QUESTION IS: WHAT DO ALL LIVING THINGS HAVE IN COMMON?
You will study the different groups of organisms under the point of view of evolution. OUR BIG QUESTION IS: WHAT DO ALL LIVING THINGS HAVE IN COMMON?
LIVING THINGS CHARACTERISTICS:
Living organisms have many things in common:
- First of all, all living things have to carry out the three vital functions: nutrition, interaction and reproduction.
-Second, living organisms are made up of similar substances: inorganic (water and minerals) and organic (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids). The biomolecules carry out many functions in the organism: to store energy, to form structures, to be part of chemical reactions, and to store the genetic information.
-And third, living things are composed of cells, one or more than one; and there are two types, prokaryotic and eukaryotic.
Levels of organization of living organisms:
subatomic particles - atoms - molecules - biomolecules - organelles - cell - colonies - tissues -organs - systems - organism.
theory_unit_living_things_and_diversity.docx | |
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ALL LIVING THINGS ARE MADE UP OF CELLS: A cell is the smallest unit of life that can perform the 3 vital functions.
Types of cells: Prokaryotic and eukaryotic. Prokaryotic means a simple cell without nucleus or organelles and Eukaryotic means a cell that has organelles and nucleus. Eukaryotic cells are more modern than Prokaryotic cells. The organelles are special parts of a cell whit different functions.
Parts of the prokaryotic cell that we need to know:
Capsule, cell wall and membrane: these layers provide protection
Cytoplasm: chemical reactions orccur here, it is a jelly-like substance
Ribosomes: to produce proteins
DNA: it is in the cytoplasm and stores the genetic information
Flagella (látigo) and pili(pelos) are for moving.
There are two types of eukaryotic cells: Plant cell and Animal cell
Parts of the Eukaryotic cell that we need to know:
Cytoplasm, membrane, cell wall (only in plant cell), ribosomes, and:
Mitochondria: here cell respiration occurs, they produce energy
Chloroplasts: they contain chlorofil to perform photosynthesis (only plant cells)
Vacuole: it is a ball that stores water, animal cells have many and small ones and plant cells have only a big one.
NUCLEUS: the most important part: it stores the DNA and organizes the cells activities.
The Cells shape depends on the function the cell carries out in a living organism.
There are two types of Eukaryotic cells: PLANT CELL and ANIMAL CELL
ANSWER IN YOUR NOTEBOOK:
1.-Compare Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells (differences ans similarities).
Make a table with 3 columns: first column: prokaryotic, second column: both and third column: Eukaryotic
2.-Compare Animal and Plant cell (defferences and similarities): make a table like the exercise 1 but now with Plant, both and animal
Cells and their components are measured according to the metric system:
1 = m
0.01 = 10 -2 cm
0.001 = 10 -3 mm
0.000001 = 10 -6 micrometers
0.000000001= 10 -9 nanometers
0.000000000001 = 10 -12 picometers
Relative Sizes of Biological Materials
Eukaryotic cell (plant) = ~100 μm
Eukaryotic cell (animal) = ~10 – 50 μm
Organelle (e.g. mitochondrion) = ~1 – 10 μm
Prokaryotic cell (bacteria) = ~1 – 5 μm
Virus = ~100 nm
Plasma membrane = ~7.5 nm
Molecules (e.g. glucose) = ~1 nm
Atoms = ~100 pm
Optical microscope parts: (very useful to observe cells, cells are very very small)
Find here the instructions to observe plant cells under the microscope.
Find here the ppt of this unit.
living_things.pptx | |
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ALL LIVING THINGS PERFORM THE THREE VITAL FUNCTIONS
HOW DO LIVING THINGS FEED?
Nutrition is the combination of some processes: 1.- they feed by taking in materials and energy from the environment, 2.- they transfom this into their own materials, 3.- they eliminate any waste.
Autotrophic nutrition: plants and algae and some bacteria consume inorganic compounds such as water, carbon dioxide and mineral salts and using the sunlight, they produce their own organic compounds. This process is called Photosynthesis and is produced in the chloroplasts.
CO2 + H2O + Sunlight ---------------------- Glucose + O2
Heterotrophic nutrition: animals, fungi, protozoa and some bacteria need to obtain food from other living organisms.
Obtention of energy:
Cell respiration takes place in eukaryotes within the mitochondria. The glucose is burnt out using oxygen to produce energy, carbon dioxide and water.
Glucose + O2 -------------------------------------- Energy + CO2 + H2O
HOW DO LIVING ORGANISMS REPRODUCE? Sexual and asexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction requires two parents that mix their genetic information to produce different descendents, but asexual reproduction requires only one parent that will divide into two or more to produce two or more descendents.
HOW DO LIVING ORGANISMS INTERACT? Living things recieve information from the exterior and their bodies (stimuli) and produce a response: cellular movement, or other types of communication.
ANSWER IN YOUR NOTEBOOK:
Why do humans need to eat? And to drink?
ALL LIVING THINGS SHARE THE SAME CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES:
These substances are called biomolecules or nutrients, and can be divided into two categories: Inorganic and organic. There are two Inorganic molecules: Water and Mineral salts. Water is very important for the cell because it forms structures and it's the place where chemical reactions occur. Mineral salts are very different chemicals, they are also involved in chemical reactions and some of them have other functions, such as forming structures (calcium).
There are four organic biomolecules: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins and Nucleic Acids. Carbohydrates are usually sweet, that's why they are also called sugars. The most important ones are glucose, starch and cellulose. Their functions are: to form structures in the cell and to store and give energy to the cell.
Lipids are also called fats. They are very large molecules which functions are to form structures (membranes) and to give and store energy. The fats contain 3 times more energy than the carbohydrates.
Proteins are large molecules with many different functions: to participate in chemical reactions, to form structures, to form hormones, etc.
Nucleic acids are present in all cells because DNA is one of them. The function is to carry the genetic information the cell needs to live.
Our body takes the biomolecules from the food, can you guess the food that contains the different biomolecules?
WRITE IN YOUR NOTEBOOK:
What functions do biomolecules have? Give on example for each function.
Classification of living organisms: TAXONOMIC RANGES: TAXONOMÍA
Carl Linnaeus developed a system to clasify living organisms according to the common characteristics. This system implied 5 KINGDOMS. Kingdoms are formed by other groups of organisms that share some characteristics, the Phyla, and Phyla are formed by other smaller groups called Classes, and so on. The order of groups from the biggest to the smallest is:
Kingdom - Phylum - Class - Order -Family- Genus - Species
How can you remember the order? Use this sentence: "King Phillip Came Over For Good Spaghetti"
The scientific name is a name in latin that all organisms have and it is composed of the name of the Genus and the species. Examples: Homo sapiens, Canis lupus, Canis familiaris, etc
THE THREE DOMAIN SYSTEM As scientists learn more about organisms, classification systems change. Genetic sequencing has given researchers a whole new way of analyzing relationships between organisms. The current system, the Three Domain System, groups organisms primarily based on differences in ribosomal RNA (rRNA) structure. Ribosomal RNA is a molecular building block for ribosomes. Under this system, organisms are classified into three domains and six kingdoms. The domains are Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya. The kingdoms are Archaebacteria(ancient bacteria), Eubacteria (true bacteria), Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
cuadro_reinos_i_y_e.docx | |
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lo_taxonomy.pptx | |
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unit_living_organisms_-_introduction.pptx | |
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Learn how to use a dichotomous key!
SPECIES: A species is a group of organisms that can reproduce with each other and have offsprings that are fertile. A group of similar species form a Genus.
Species have a scientific name formed by the Genus and the Species name: Homo sapiens (Genus is Homo, species is sapiens).
THE 5 KINGDOMS
criteria for kingdom classification: type of cell, number of cells and the type of nutrition.
1.Monera- Bacteria and Cyanobacteria (Prokaryotic)- Unicellular –Autotrophic or heterotrophic.- Asexual Reproduction
2.Protoctist – Protozoa and Algae -Unicelullar and multicellular- No tissues – Autotrophic and heterotrophic - Asexual Reproduction
3.Fungi: Yeasts, Moulds, Mushrooms – unicellular and multicellular –No tissues –heterotrophic - Asexual Reproduction
4.Plant. Mosses, Ferns, Flowering plants – multicellular – tissues – autotrophic - Asexual and sexual reproduction
5.Animals: vertebrate and invertebrates- multicellular –tissues - heterotrophic - Sexual reproduction
Find here some activities on living things:
living_things_2.pdf | |
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EXERCISES ABOUT LIVING ORGANISMS: To do in class
exercises_unit_2_questions_and_problems.docx | |
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Living organisms can remain in time: Fossils
fossils_regina_pérez.pptx | |
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The Natural History Museum of London has an amazing web for students. It contains videos on biodiversity, quizzes, and photo galleries.
Brasil is building a reservoir and a city in the middle of the Amazon forest!
Find information about it here. Greenpeace keeps you informed.
PROJECT: LIVING ORGANISMS
Find here the instructions for the project . You have to send me your project, when you save it before sending it, name the project with YOUR NAME; SURNAME AND GROUP. I don't correct projects without name.
second_term_biology_project.docx | |
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